diff --git a/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_gc_debug_race.py b/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_gc_debug_race.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000000..d0289402a5969d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_gc_debug_race.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# gh-153014: gc.set_debug() writes gcstate->debug without a lock, racing
+# gc.get_debug() and the collector.  The flag is an int, so the race stays
+# benign, which lets this stress test double as a regression test under a
+# free-threading ThreadSanitizer build.
+
+import gc
+import threading
+import unittest
+
+from test.support import threading_helper
+
+
+NUM_WRITERS = 2
+NUM_READERS = 4
+ITERATIONS = 50
+
+
+def _stress_debug_race(num_writers=NUM_WRITERS, num_readers=NUM_READERS,
+                       iterations=ITERATIONS):
+    done = threading.Event()
+
+    def writer():
+        try:
+            for _ in range(iterations):
+                # DEBUG_SAVEALL avoids the stderr spam DEBUG_STATS would emit.
+                gc.set_debug(gc.DEBUG_SAVEALL)
+                gc.set_debug(0)
+        finally:
+            done.set()
+
+    def reader():
+        while not done.is_set():
+            gc.get_debug()
+
+    def collector():
+        while not done.is_set():
+            a = {}
+            b = {}
+            a["b"] = b
+            b["a"] = a
+            del a, b
+            gc.collect()
+
+    threading_helper.run_concurrently(
+        [writer] * num_writers + [reader] * num_readers + [collector]
+    )
+
+
+@threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+class TestGCDebugRace(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.addCleanup(gc.garbage.clear)
+        self.addCleanup(gc.set_debug, gc.get_debug())
+
+    def test_set_get_debug_race(self):
+        _stress_debug_race()
+        self.assertIsInstance(gc.get_debug(), int)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    _stress_debug_race()
+    print("Done. Run under a free-threading + TSAN build to observe the race.")
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-07-04-18-00-00.gh-issue-153014.gCdBg1.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-07-04-18-00-00.gh-issue-153014.gCdBg1.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000000..dec0bfc572118d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-07-04-18-00-00.gh-issue-153014.gCdBg1.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Fix a data race on the garbage collector debug flag in free-threading builds:
+:func:`gc.set_debug` and :func:`gc.get_debug` now access it atomically.
diff --git a/Modules/gcmodule.c b/Modules/gcmodule.c
index e2df31556f3c372..a8cf5786f668b12 100644
--- a/Modules/gcmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/gcmodule.c
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "Python.h"
 #include "pycore_gc.h"
 #include "pycore_object.h"      // _PyObject_IS_GC()
+#include "pycore_pyatomic_ft_wrappers.h"
 #include "pycore_pystate.h"     // _PyInterpreterState_GET()
 
 typedef struct _gc_runtime_state GCState;
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ gc_set_debug_impl(PyObject *module, int flags)
 /*[clinic end generated code: output=7c8366575486b228 input=5e5ce15e84fbed15]*/
 {
     GCState *gcstate = get_gc_state();
-    gcstate->debug = flags;
+    FT_ATOMIC_STORE_INT_RELAXED(gcstate->debug, flags);
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
 }
 
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ gc_get_debug_impl(PyObject *module)
 /*[clinic end generated code: output=91242f3506cd1e50 input=91a101e1c3b98366]*/
 {
     GCState *gcstate = get_gc_state();
-    return gcstate->debug;
+    return FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_INT_RELAXED(gcstate->debug);
 }
 
 /*[clinic input]
diff --git a/Python/gc_free_threading.c b/Python/gc_free_threading.c
index 99f1a1eb47e3ddc..5cc2398a45ab6dc 100644
--- a/Python/gc_free_threading.c
+++ b/Python/gc_free_threading.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "pycore_interp.h"        // PyInterpreterState.gc
 #include "pycore_interpframe.h"   // _PyFrame_GetLocalsArray()
 #include "pycore_object_alloc.h"  // _PyObject_MallocWithType()
+#include "pycore_pyatomic_ft_wrappers.h"
 #include "pycore_pystate.h"       // _PyThreadState_GET()
 #include "pycore_tstate.h"        // _PyThreadStateImpl
 #include "pycore_tuple.h"         // _PyTuple_MaybeUntrack()
@@ -1749,7 +1750,7 @@ delete_garbage(struct collection_state *state)
 
         state->collected++;
 
-        if (gcstate->debug & _PyGC_DEBUG_SAVEALL) {
+        if (FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_INT_RELAXED(gcstate->debug) & _PyGC_DEBUG_SAVEALL) {
             assert(gcstate->garbage != NULL);
             if (PyList_Append(gcstate->garbage, op) < 0) {
                 _PyErr_Clear(tstate);
@@ -1780,11 +1781,11 @@ handle_legacy_finalizers(struct collection_state *state)
     while ((op = worklist_pop(&state->legacy_finalizers)) != NULL) {
         state->uncollectable++;
 
-        if (gcstate->debug & _PyGC_DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE) {
+        if (FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_INT_RELAXED(gcstate->debug) & _PyGC_DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE) {
             debug_cycle("uncollectable", op);
         }
 
-        if ((gcstate->debug & _PyGC_DEBUG_SAVEALL) || has_legacy_finalizer(op)) {
+        if ((FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_INT_RELAXED(gcstate->debug) & _PyGC_DEBUG_SAVEALL) || has_legacy_finalizer(op)) {
             if (PyList_Append(gcstate->garbage, op) < 0) {
                 PyErr_Clear();
             }
@@ -2129,7 +2130,7 @@ gc_collect_internal(PyInterpreterState *interp, struct collection_state *state,
 #endif
 
     // Print debugging information.
-    if (interp->gc.debug & _PyGC_DEBUG_COLLECTABLE) {
+    if (FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_INT_RELAXED(interp->gc.debug) & _PyGC_DEBUG_COLLECTABLE) {
         PyObject *op;
         WORKSTACK_FOR_EACH(&state->unreachable, op) {
             debug_cycle("collectable", op);
@@ -2235,7 +2236,7 @@ gc_collect_main(PyThreadState *tstate, int generation, _PyGC_Reason reason)
         invoke_gc_callback(tstate, "start", generation, 0, 0, 0, 0.0);
     }
 
-    if (gcstate->debug & _PyGC_DEBUG_STATS) {
+    if (FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_INT_RELAXED(gcstate->debug) & _PyGC_DEBUG_STATS) {
         PySys_WriteStderr("gc: collecting generation %d...\n", generation);
         show_stats_each_generations(gcstate);
     }
@@ -2262,7 +2263,7 @@ gc_collect_main(PyThreadState *tstate, int generation, _PyGC_Reason reason)
     (void)PyTime_PerfCounterRaw(&stop);
     double duration = PyTime_AsSecondsDouble(stop - start);
 
-    if (gcstate->debug & _PyGC_DEBUG_STATS) {
+    if (FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_INT_RELAXED(gcstate->debug) & _PyGC_DEBUG_STATS) {
         PySys_WriteStderr(
             "gc: done, %zd unreachable, %zd uncollectable, %.4fs elapsed\n",
             n+m, n, duration);
@@ -2586,10 +2587,10 @@ void
 _PyGC_DumpShutdownStats(PyInterpreterState *interp)
 {
     GCState *gcstate = &interp->gc;
-    if (!(gcstate->debug & _PyGC_DEBUG_SAVEALL)
+    if (!(FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_INT_RELAXED(gcstate->debug) & _PyGC_DEBUG_SAVEALL)
         && gcstate->garbage != NULL && PyList_GET_SIZE(gcstate->garbage) > 0) {
         const char *message;
-        if (gcstate->debug & _PyGC_DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE) {
+        if (FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_INT_RELAXED(gcstate->debug) & _PyGC_DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE) {
             message = "gc: %zd uncollectable objects at shutdown";
         }
         else {
@@ -2605,7 +2606,7 @@ _PyGC_DumpShutdownStats(PyInterpreterState *interp)
         {
             PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored in GC shutdown");
         }
-        if (gcstate->debug & _PyGC_DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE) {
+        if (FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_INT_RELAXED(gcstate->debug) & _PyGC_DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE) {
             PyObject *repr = NULL, *bytes = NULL;
             repr = PyObject_Repr(gcstate->garbage);
             if (!repr || !(bytes = PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(repr))) {