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Aspen Plus-Validated Design and Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Honeyed Bitter-Kola (Garcinia kola) Tablet Manufacturing Plant

Overview

This repository contains the full manuscript for an Aspen Plus-validated pharmaceutical process design and techno-economic evaluation of a honeyed bitter-kola (Garcinia kola Heckel) tablet manufacturing facility developed for Nigerian operating conditions.

The work integrates:

  • Aspen Plus V14-equivalent solids-process simulation
  • Pharmaceutical process engineering
  • Techno-economic analysis (TEA)
  • HAZOP-based process safety assessment
  • GMP-oriented phytopharmaceutical manufacturing design
  • Environmental and sustainability evaluation

Abstract

A 50 kg h⁻¹ honeyed bitter-kola tablet manufacturing facility was designed and validated using Aspen Plus-equivalent steady-state solids simulation. Eight pharmaceutical unit operations — hammer crushing, pin milling, tray pre-drying, V-cone blending, high-shear wet granulation, oscillating size reduction, fluid-bed drying, and rotary tablet compression — were rigorously modelled under strict component and mass-balance constraints.

The validated process achieved:

  • 53.89 kg h⁻¹ finished-tablet throughput
  • ~776 million tablets annually
  • 90.4 wt% overall process yield
  • 41.7% internal rate of return (IRR)
  • 3-year discounted payback period

The study demonstrates the technical feasibility, regulatory compliance, process safety, and economic viability of industrial-scale Garcinia kola phytopharmaceutical manufacturing in West Africa.


Key Contributions

  • Aspen Plus-validated pharmaceutical solids-process simulation
  • Full mass and energy balance closure
  • Pharmaceutical-grade techno-economic evaluation
  • HAZOP and Dow Fire-and-Explosion Index assessment
  • WHO GMP and ICH-aligned manufacturing framework
  • Nigerian herbal pharmaceutical industrialization model
  • Sustainability and ethanol-recovery assessment

Regulatory Alignment

The proposed facility conforms to:

  • ICH Q7 Good Manufacturing Practice
  • ICH Q8 Pharmaceutical Development
  • ICH Q9 Quality Risk Management
  • ICH Q10 Pharmaceutical Quality System
  • WHO TRS-1052 GMP for Herbal Medicines
  • FDA Continuous Manufacturing Guidance (2019)
  • NAFDAC Herbal Medicine Registration Requirements (2024)

Research Areas

  • Pharmaceutical Process Engineering
  • Process Systems Engineering
  • Phytopharmaceutical Manufacturing
  • Process Simulation
  • Chemical Engineering Design
  • Industrial Biotechnology
  • Pharmaceutical Economics
  • Process Safety Engineering

Keywords

Aspen Plus, Garcinia kola, pharmaceutical process design, techno-economic evaluation, herbal medicine manufacturing, phytopharmaceuticals, process simulation, pharmaceutical engineering, HAZOP, tablet manufacturing, Nigerian pharmaceutical industry.


Citation

If you use this work, please cite:

Bassey, O. E., Egbere, C. A., & Bassey, S. E. (2026).
Aspen Plus-Validated Design and Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Honeyed Bitter-Kola (Garcinia kola) Tablet Manufacturing Plant.


Authors

Otuekong Edet Bassey

Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
University of Uyo, Nigeria

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0728-5190


License

This repository is released under the MIT License.